President Nicolas Maduro described the changes as an “effort to cleanse the company of corruption”.

Retaining chairman and president Eulogio del Pino was seen as crucial for credibility in the debt markets, as he is seen as a beacon of technically-oriented business planning in the company.

Others among the PDVSA appointments were criticised for their lack of oil sector experience, including rear-admiral Maribel Parra, who was named executive vice president.

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