Much of what the industry knows about operating in the North American unconventional oil and gas plays has come through trial and error — not a bad way to learn in most circumstances, but hard to justify in a climate of intense pressure to cut exploration and production costs.

In the drive for greater efficiency, drilling and completions teams are looking for ways to optimise well spacing, fracturing stage spacing, perforation cluster density and the distribution of frac fluids and proppants.

Making