This comes in spite of the frustrations and uncertainty surrounding Brazil’s overlapping institutional arrangements.

One of the earliest and most comprehensive leniency agreements was signed by Camargo Correa, in September 2015.

“Our financial exposure from Car Wash became fully visible, so we have the advantage of certainty,” a source with the company tells Upstream.

“Also, only 25% of our orders are for public works, compared with 60% for Odebrecht or 85% for Queiroz Galvao, so business activity is moving along.”