Backed by president Enrique Pena Nieto and a centre-right coalition between Pena Nieto's Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the conservative National Action Party (PAN), the proposal would still have to clear the country's lower house if passed by the Senate.
A Senate committee voted on Monday to advance the measure and debate continued into Tuesday afternoon.
The energy overhaul is squarely opposed by the left-wing Revolutionary Democratic Party (PRD), which was on Tuesday scoping out legal manoeuvres aimed at halting the bill's progress, according to reports.
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