The early alternative that evolved is what can now be termed “traditional” non-bonded flexpipe, as pioneered by Coflexip (now in the hands of Technip), and subsequently pursued by rivals Wellstream and NKT (now owned by GE and NOV, respectively).
This sandwich of numerous independent layers, all able to slide relative to each other in the pipe wall, is designed to absorb any amount of dynamic bending with minimum fatigue.
