Radical change in the way energy is produced, transported and consumed will be necessary to meet strict carbon budgets, writes Russell McCulley.

To develop strategies to reach those targets, policy makers rely on energy system models to provide evidence-based analysis.

Energy system models are valuable tools but have some limitations, says Adam Hawkes, co-director of the Sustainable Gas Institute (SGI), where researchers are developing what the group says will be a novel and transparent model.