It remains unclear how Abuja can turn the tables on the various groups trying to destabilise the oilpatch, with this month's crackdown on the unrest overtaking the oil hub of Port Harcourt perceived by many observers as unsustainable.

Outgoing Energy Minister Edmund Daukoru has revealed the crisis has cost Nigeria more than $21 billion over the past four years, while Shell's Nigerian operations have lost $10.6